The Qurʾan, as God's final direct revelation to mankind, has always been central to Muslim belief and devotional life, and has continued to influence Muslim society and civilization. This course explores the history of the Qurʾanic text, its transmission and interpretation, with reference to traditional Muslim scholarship, as well as Orientalist and modern Western academic research. Students explore sciences that have a direct bearing on the recitation, history, understanding, and implementation of the Qurʾan. Topics of learning and discussion include rules of various recitation, revelation, transmission, collection, order and arrangement of the Qurʾan, reasons and occasions of revelation, Meccan and Medinan revelation, clear and unclear verses, the abrogating and abrogated verses, types of exegetical books, parameters of valid interpretation, and the miraculous nature of the Qurʾan.